Task C: The Teaching Process

Objective: the student will be introduced the teaching process.

Completion Standard: the student will be able to explain parts of the process as well as participate In discussion.

Overview:

1. Preparation of a lesson.

2. Organization of material.

3. Training delivery methods:

4. Problem based learning.

5. Instruction aids and training technologies.

Preparation of a lesson

Essential Skills:

P A M S

• P eople skills

• A ssessment skills

• M anagement skills

• S ubject matter expertise.

Basic Steps of Teaching Process

• Preparation 

  • Determining the scope of the lesson, the objectives, and the goals to be attained, and ensuring that the necessary supplies are available.

• Presentation 

  • Consists of delivering information or demonstrating the skills that make up the lesson.

• Delivery 

  • Could be through: 

    • Lecture, guided discussion, demonstration-performance, etc.

• Application 

  • The student performs the procedure or demonstrates the knowledge required in the lesson.

• Review and evaluation

  • Consists of a review of all material and an evaluation of the student’s performance.

PREP

1. Training Objectives and Standards

   1. Types

      1. Performance

         1. Description of skill or behavior

            1. Desired outcome

         2. Conditions

            1. The framework of the skill being learned

         3. Criteria 

            1. The standards used to measure the accomplishment of the objective

            2. Using ACS/PTS

      2. Decision based

         1. Develops ADM and pilot skills

         2. SBT (Scenario Based Training) 

Organization of material

1. Introduction

   1. Attention - the instructor gains the student’s attention and focuses it on the subject.

   2. Motivation - the instructor offers the student specific reasons why the lesson content is important.

   3. Overview - the instructor gives a clear concise presentation of what is to be covered during the lesson.

2. Development - the main part of the lesson. Logically organized to show the relationships of main points in one of the following ways:

   1. From past to present

   2. Simple to complex

   3. Known to unknown

   4. Most-frequently used to least-frequently used

3. Conclusion - retraces the important elements of the lesson and relates them to the objective. No new ideas should be introduced.

Training delivery methods

• Lecture method

  • In the lecture method, the instructor delivers knowledge via lectures to learners who are more or less silent participants

  • Good for large groups

    • Background information

  • Types

    • Teaching lecture

      • Allows from participation from learner

    • Illustrated talk

      • Relies on visual aids

    • Formal lecture

      • Is to inform, to persuade, or to entertain with little or no verbal participation by the learners

    • Briefing 

      • The speaker presents a concise array of facts to the listeners who normally do not expect elaboration of supporting material

• Guided discussion method

  • Goal is to draw out the knowledge of the learner

  • The instructor acts as a facilitator 

    • Ask skillful questions (open ended questions encourage more discussion and a better gauge of understanding than specific, use both as necessary)

      • “What If?”

  • Helpful in areas where learners can use initiative and imagination in addressing problems

• Computer-assisted learning method

  • It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course

    • PAVE modules

    • FTD’s

  • For flexible schedules

• Demonstration-performance method

  • Best used for the mastery of mental or physical skills that require practice

  • Five Phases:

    • Explanation

    • Demonstration

    • Learner Performance

    • Instructor Supervision

    • Evaluation

  • Many lessons can combine the lecture and demonstration-performance methods

    • The initial information is given in a classroom with a lecture

    • The information is demonstrated and then applied in the airplane

• Drill and practice method

  • Connections are strengthened with practice

  • Learn by practicing and applying what they have been told and shown

Problem based learning

• A learning environment where lessons involve problems encountered in real life and ask learners to find real-world solutions

• Effective Problems

  • Relate to the real world so learners want to solve them

  • Require learners to make decisions

  • Open ended, not limited to one answer

  • Connected to previously learned knowledge and new knowledge

  • Reflect lesson objectives

  • Challenge learners to think critically

  • Put the learner in hypothetical emergency situations and have them talk through solving the problem and getting the aircraft safely to the ground

• Teaching HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

  • Basic Approach to Teaching HOTS:

    • Set up the problem

    • Determine learning outcomes for the problem

    • Solve the Problem or Task

    • Reflect on Problem solving process

    • Consider additional solutions through guided discovery

    • Reevaluate solution with additional options

    • Reflect on this solution and why it is the best

    • Consider what best means

• Scenario Based Training

  • Presents realistic scenarios that allow learners to mentally rehearse and explore practical applications of their knowledge

  • Good scenario:

    • Is not a test

    • Will not have one right answer

    • Does not offer an obvious answer

    • Should not promote errors

    • Should promote situational awareness and opportunities for decision making

Instruction aids and training technologies

1. Instructional aids

   1. Assist the instructor in the teaching-learning process

   2. Clarify relationships between material objects and concepts

   3. Help learners remember information

   4. Hold their attention

   5. Can utilize multiple senses (help learning)

   6. Help solve language barriers

2. Guidelines for Use of Instructional Aids

   1. Clearly establish the objective

   2. Gather necessary data

   3. Organize the material

   4. Select the ideas to be supported with aids

3. Types of Aids

   1. Chalk/Marker Board

   2. Supplemental Print Material

   3. Enhanced Training Materials

   4. Projected Material

   5. Video

   6. Interactive Systems

   7. Computer Assisted Learning

   8. Models, Mockups, Cut-Aways