Holding Procedures
Holding Procedures
Objective: the student will be introduced to what a hold is and how it can be used.
Completion Standards: the student will be able to explain what a hold is and how it can be used. The student will also be able to explain the entries.
References: IFH CH10, AIM 5-3-7, AIP, part 91
Equipment: White Board and markers, iPad/ computer
IP’s Actions:
Assess student
State the objective and completion standards
Writes down references
Provide attention getter
Present content
Assessment
Assign Homework
SP’s Actions:
Take notes
Ask Questions
Introduction:
(Attention Getter) : (Link goes here)
Motivation: (Discuss purpose for lesson and relate to Attention getter)
Overview:
Purpose
Anatomy
Standards
Hold Instructions
Methods
How to Enter Hold
DME Holds
Wind Correction
Common Errors
Content:
Purpose
A hold is a way for ATC to “park” airplanes in the sky if needed.
Holds can be issued by ATC for a number of reasons.
It is important for pilots to know how to properly enter/exit/and perform holding procedures
When
Hazardous weather
Traffic congestion
Airport or runway closures
Equipment outages, or
for allowing more time when handling abnormal situations and emergencies
What a Hold Looks Like (anatomy)
Fix
Inbound leg
outbound leg
protected side
unprotected side
Standards
Standard Hold
Direction of the turns
Right Turns
Leg lengths
1 minute
Non-standard
Direction of the turns
Left turns
Leg lengths
Minutes (2 min)
Nautical Miles (4mile legs)
Holding speeds/ altitudes (AIM 5-3-8)
Hold Instructions
Holding Instructions issued by ATC will always be given to the pilot in a standard format. That format is as follows:
Cardinal Direction from Fix
Radial or Course for the Inbound Leg
Direction of Turns (if omitted, Right Turns are Standard)
Leg Lengths (if omitted, 1 Minute Legs are Standard)
Expect Further Clearance Time (EFC)
Examples
Hold east of the Ormond VORTAC on the 090 radial, left turns, maintain 5,000,' expect further clearance 0+50
Types of Entries
Direct
Parallel
Teardrop
Methods
Pencil Method
Tilt pencil from level to 20 degrees to either side for a left or right turn (hold pattern)
Sector Method
When reciprocal falls within +/- 5 degrees
How to Enter Hold
Direct Entry
Entry
Go to fix
Figure out entry (magic Number)
Cross fix
5 T’s
Turn
To radial/course
Time
Start timer when abeam fix
Twist
CDI to match ATC Instructions
Throttle
Adjust to holding speed
Talk
Tell ATC you are established in the hold
Parallel Entry
Entry
Go to fix
Figure out entry (magic Number)
Cross fix
5 T’s
Turn
To radial/course
Parallel outbound course
Time
Start timer when abeam fix
1 minute
Twist
CDI to match ATC Instructions
Throttle
Adjust to holding speed
Talk
Tell ATC you are established in the hold
Teardrop Entry
Entry
Go to fix
Figure out entry (magic Number)
Cross fix
5 T’s
Turn
30 degrees opposite hold direction
Out 1 min
Time
Start timer when abeam fix
Twist
CDI to match ATC Instructions
Throttle
Adjust to holding speed
Talk
Tell ATC you are established in the hold
DME Holds
Same as a regular hold but at a DME/ distance
Wind Correction
Headwinds/ tailwinds
Outbound time – 1 min
Inbound time – 1 min 30 sec
A pilot should take the excess 30 seconds and divide it by (2) to get 15 seconds
Outbound leg should be shortened to 45 sec
Crosswinds
Note wind correction on inbound leg the triple on outbound leg
Common Errors
Incorrect entry procedure.
Failure to maintain altitude and airspeed during the hold.
Turning the wrong direction in the hold.
Incorrect timing procedures.
Failure to compensate for wind conditions.
Loss of situational awareness
Conclusion
Purpose
Anatomy
Standards
Hold Instructions
Methods
How to Enter Hold
DME Holds
Wind Correction
Common Errors
(Questions to assess student)
What is the purpose of a hold?
What are the types of entries?
An example hold?
HW: look over how to enter a hold